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Aptamers are oligonucleotide (DNA/RNA) or peptide molecules specialized in binding to specific targets including cells, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, antibiotics and other small molecules. Due to small size and highly specificity nature, aptamers can penetrate tissue barriers efficiently and move easily inside the target cells. They can improve tumor-to-blood and tumor-to normal tissue ratios and directly contribute towards therapeutic indices. Aptamers are a well-known tool, which is involved in various clinical applications such as cancer, virus and bacterial infection detection. In addition to this, aptamers are also helpful in food industries for contaminant detection and pesticide detection in the field of agriculture. SELEX (Systemic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) is a novel technique to design the potent aptamer sequences. However, aptamers are an important diagnostic tool but still various stochastic and empirical studies are required to design the novel aptamers that can significantly improve the diagnosis of life threatening viruses.